No formulae in this chapter :D
(1) Critical magnetic field $$ H_c = H_o [1 – (T/T_c)^2] $$ (2) $T_c = k M^{-1/2} $ $T_c$ = Critical temperature
(1) Schroedinger’s equation (Time Independent) $$ ∇^2 φ + {2m}/{ђ^2} . (E-V) φ = 0 $$ (2) Schroedinger’s equation (Time Dependent) $$ -{ђ^2} ∇^2 φ + ∇φ = iђ {δφ}/{δt} $$ (3) Energy Eigen values of $n^{th}$ particle $$ E_n = {n^2h^2}/{8mL^2} $$
(1) De-Broglie Wavelength $$λ = {h}/{mv} = h/p$$ where, p = momentum (2) De-Broglie Wavelength in terms of Kinetic Energy $$ λ=h/{√{2mE}} $$ (3) De-Broglie Wavelength of an electron $$λ={12.26}/{√V}$$ V = Electric potential (4) $ v_p = w/k = c^2/v $ (5) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: $Δx . Δp_x >= h/{2π}$ (6) Heisenberg’s relation to pair of variables energy and time: $ΔE . Δt >= h/{2π}$
(1) Current, $$ I = neυ_dA $$ υ = velocity of electrons n = carrier concentration (2) Fermi Dirac distribution, $$ P(E_c) = {N}/{1+e^{({E_c-E_f}/{KT})}} $$ $P(E_c)$ = probability that an electron occupies energy $E_c$ (3) $ E_f={E_c + E_v}/{2} $ (4) $I_E = I_B + I_C$ (5) Current density, J = I/A (6) Hall voltage, $$ V_H = {1}/{ne} . {BID}/{A} = {BJd}/{ne} $$ Charge density, ρ = n e Area, A = d W where, W = Width of specimen in the direction of magnetic field $$ V_H = {BI)/{ρW} $$ (7) Hall Coefficient, $$ R_H = 1/{ne} = ...
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(1) $E = hυ = {hc}/λ$ E = Energy difference between two levels h = plank’s constant λ = wavelength
(1) Brewster’s law $$ μ = tan i_p $$ where, μ = Refractive index of the medium $i_p$ = Polarising angle (2) Critical angle $$ i_c = sin^{-1}(1/μ) $$ (3) Law of Malus $$ I = I_m cos^2θ $$ where, I = intensity of light transmitted by the analyzer $I_m$ = intensity of light transmitted by polarizer θ = Angle between the planes of polarizer and analyzer (4) Thickness of QWP $$ t = {λ}/{4(μ_e – μ_o)} $$ (for quartz crystal) $$ t = {λ}/{4(μ_o – μ_e)} $$ (for calcite crystal) where, t = Thickness of plate λ = Wavelength ...
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(1) Intensity Level $$ L = 10 log_10(I/I_0) \text"(in dB)" $$ where, L is loudness (2) Sabine’s Formula $$ T = {0.165 V}/{aS} $$ where, T is Reverberation time V is Volume of hall S is Total area a is Absorption coefficient Also, $ A = ∑↙{i=1}↖n aS $ where, A is Effective absorbing area
(1) asinθ = nλ (Direction of minima for single silt) where, a = slit width AB n = order of spectrum λ = Wavelength of incident light θ = Angle of diffraction (2) $ asinθ’= (n+1/2)λ, $ (Direction of secondary maxima for single slit) where, a = slit width AB n = order of spectrum λ=Wavelength of incident light (3) (a+b) sinθ = mλ, (Direction of maxima for grating) where, a = slit width b = opaque space m = order of spectrum λ = wavelength of incident light (a+b) = ...
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(1) Intensity of interference pattern, $$I_{max} / I_{min} = (a+1)^2 / (a-1)^2 where, a>1$$ where, $$I_{max} = \text"Maximum Intensity" $$ $$ I_{min} = \text"Minimum Intensity" $$ (2) Reflected light, (i) For maxima or bright fringe, $$ 2μtcosr = (2n-1) λ/2 $$ where, n = 1,2,3,… μ = Refractive index λ = Wavelength of light r = Angle of refraction (ii) For minima or dark fringe, $$ 2μtcosr = nλ $$ n = 0,1,2,3,.. (3) Fringe width, $$ ω = λ/{2μθ} $$ where, λ = Wavelength of light θ = Angle of ...
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